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Abstract The increasing demand for concrete in construction presents challenges such as pollution, high energy consumption, and complex structural requirements. Three‐dimensional printing (3DP) offers a promising solution by eliminating formwork, reducing waste, and enabling intricate geometries. Predicting the strength of 3D‐printed fiber‐reinforced concrete (3DP‐FRC) remains challenging due to the nonlinear nature of neural networks and uncertainty in optimizing key parameters. In this study, we developed machine learning models using five metaheuristic algorithms—arithmetic optimization algorithm, African Vulture Optimization Algorithm, flow direction algorithm, generalized normal distribution optimization, and Mountain Gazelle Optimizer—to optimize the weights and biases in a feed‐forward backpropagation network. Among all the algorithms, MGO demonstrated the best performance. To address data limitations, a data augmentation method combining Kernel density estimation and Wasserstein generative adversarial networks is employed. Sensitivity analysis using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) identifies the most influential input parameters. The proposed MGO‐ANN model enhances predictive accuracy, reducing the need for extensive laboratory testing. Additionally, a user‐friendly graphical user interface is developed to facilitate practical applications in estimating 3DP‐FRC flexural strength. 

Pultruded FRP composites have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional materials like concrete, steel, and timber, especially in corrosive environmental conditions. However, the unique properties of these composites necessitate careful consideration during their implementation, as they differ significantly from conventional materials. Proper testing and characterization of FRP pultruded materials is key for their efficient and safe implementation. However, the existing specifications are not unified, resulting in ambiguity among stakeholders. This paper aims to bridge this gap by thoroughly reviewing current destructive and non-destructive test methods for FRP pultruded materials, specifications, quality control, and health monitoring of FRP structures. Each subsection is further divided into subtopics, providing a comprehensive overview of the subject. By shedding light on these crucial aspects, this article aims to accelerate the adoption and utilization of these innovative materials in practical applications. 

This paper reports on a combined experimental and numerical modeling investigation of cracking of concrete slabs with GFRP reinforcement. At this stage of the project, attention is given to early-age cracking driven by plastic shrinkage, preceding longer term considerations of cracking resistance over the service life of field applications. Of interest is the effectiveness of GFRP reinforcement in restricting plastic shrinkage cracking. Nine small-scale slab specimens were subjected to controlled evaporation rates. Images of crack development were acquired periodically, from which crack width estimations were made. Comparisons were made between slabs reinforced with conventional steel and those reinforced with GFRP, along with control specimens lacking reinforcement. During the period of plastic shrinkage, the time of crack initiation and subsequent crack openings do not appear to be influenced by the presence of the reinforcing bars. To understand this behavior, six early-age bond tests were conducted for both types of the bars after 1, 2, and 3 h exposure to the controlled evaporation rate. In addition, concrete strength development and time of settings were measured using penetration resistance tests on a representative mortar. The numerical modeling component of this research is based on a Voronoi cell lattice model; in this approach, the relative humidity, temperature, and displacement fields are discretized in three-dimensions, allowing for a comprehensive investigation of material behavior within the controlled environment. Based on the measured bond properties, our simulations confirm that the reinforcing bars restrict crack development, though they do not prevent it entirely.